Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute. Common phenolic compounds in plants comprise an aromatic ring, bear one or more hydroxyl substituents and range from simple phenolic molecules to highly polymerized compounds modi. Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, uv radiation and wounding. Phenolic compounds in plants and agriindustrial by. The highest yield of solid residue was obtained using water or methanol as extraction solvents. Phenolics can be broadly divided into nonsoluble compounds such as condensed tannins, lignins, and cellwall bound hydroxycinammic acids, and soluble phenolics such as phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids.
An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found in cereals, coffee beans, fruits, olives, vegetables, and tea leaves. Thousands of organic compounds which contain one or more phenolic residue i. Phenolic compounds such as quercetin, rutin, narigin, catechin, caffeic acid, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid are very important plant constituents 15. Phenolic compounds are reactive metabolites in a wide range of plant derived foods and mainly divided in four groups. The phenolic compounds are categorized as secondary metabolites, and their function in plants is poorly understood. Phenolic compounds comprise a broad class of natural products formed mainly by plants, but also microorganisms and marine organisms that have the capacity to form them. Phenol, the cresols methylphenols, and other simple alkylated phenols can be obtained from the distillation of coal tar or crude petroleum nomenclature of phenols. The high contents of phenolic compounds indicated that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds are regarded as one such group that are synthesised by plants during development 1, 3 and in response to conditions such as infection, wounding, uv radiation, etc. Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. We have already met some of its members that function as cofactors. Role of pure phenolic compounds and plant phenolic extracts on the retardation of lipid oxidation in fish oil or fish oil. Plant phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule.
The present study revealed the phenolic and flavonoid spectrum of medicinally important plants. Chemistry and antioxidant activity of plants containing some phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. Information on the discovery, study and identification of phenolic compounds in plants, their role in the complex system of secondary metabolites has been analyzed and summarized. Introduction classification occurrence synthesis defense 2. Fish oil, being rich in pufas which are known to provide several health benefits, is highly prone to lipid oxidation. The ability to synthesize phenolic compounds has been selected throughout the course of evolution in different plant. Nowadays the interest in these compounds has increased mainly due to their diverse chemical structure and wide biological activity valuable in the prevention of some chronic or degenerative diseases. The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials, plant sprouts, and seeds was examined by autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Agroindustrial byproducts are good sources of phenolic compounds, and have been explored as source of natural antioxidants. Quantitative hplc analysis of phenolic acids, flavonoids. Phenolic compounds are a large class of plant secondary metabolites.
The three cycles or heterocycles in the flavonoid backbone are generally called ring a, b, and c. The phenolic compounds which contain basic carbon skeleton as c6, c6 c1, c6 c2, c6 c3 and c6 c4 are sometimes grouped as simple phenolics. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the folin. The yield of extract obtained from 10 g of dry plant material was measured for each extract table 1. They consist of simple phenols, benzoic and cinnamic acid, coumarins, tannins, lignins, lignans and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds are the most widely distributed secondary metabo lites, ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, even if the type of compound present varies according to the phylum under. As in other cases of sms, branches of pathway leading to biosynthesis of phenols are found or amplified only in specific plant families commonly found conjugated to sugars and organic acids. Simple plant phenolics, lignin, flavonoids and tannins. They work as terminators of free radicals and chelators of metal ions that are capable of catalyzing lipid oxidation. Phenolic compounds are a large class of plant secondary metabolites, showing a diversity of structures, from rather simple structures, e. Phenolic compounds pcs in plants play an important role in growth control and have antioxidant, structural, attractant, signaling and protective functions. Phenolic compounds in food american chemical society. Ring a usually shows a phloroglucinol substitution pattern.
Agroindustrial byproducts are good sources of phenolic compounds, and have been explored as. Pdf the content of phenolic compounds in medicinal. These phenolic compounds include hydroxybenzoic acids hbas, hydroxycinnamic acids hcas and more complex polyphenols, for example, flavonoids. In organic chemistry a class of chemical compounds which consist of a hydroxyl group oh directly bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health and medical. However, due to the potential health concerns of synthetic antioxidants, polyphenolic compounds, which are found in different plants and their manufactured by. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Hplc analysis of phenolic compounds was done using methanol and water as mobile phase at 254 nm. Phenolic compounds are reactive metabolites in a wide range of plantderived foods and mainly divided in four groups. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic. Higher plants synthesize several thousand known different phenolic compounds. Thus, plant phenolics comprise simple phenols, coumarins, lignins, lignans, condensed and hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids 20. Phenol 108952 hazard summary exposure to phenol may occur from the use of some medicinal products including throat lozenges and ointments. An improved rna isolation method for plant tissues. Plant tissues may contain up to several grams per kilogram. Plant phenolic compounds are diverse in structure but are characterised by hydroxylated aromatic rings e. The natural phenolic compounds have received increasing interest in the last years, since a great amount of them can be found in plants and consumption of vegetables and beverages with a high level of such compounds may reduce the risk of development of several diseases due to their antioxidant power, among other factors.
Plant phenolic compounds are diverse in molecular structure, and are characterized by hydroxylated aromatic rings mandal et al. They are categorised as secondary metabolites, and their function in plants is often poorly understood. A correlation between two flavonoids points often to a relationship between the producing plant species. Phenolics were extracted from different parts of some plants 15. Components in the methanolic extract of plants revealed by hplc analysis. Phenolic compounds make up one of the major families of secondary metabolites in plants, and they represent a diverse group of compounds. Keywords phenolic compounds, flavonoids, plant lignans, rye, flaxseed, in vitro digestion models, alimentary enzymes, faecal fermentation abstract the aim of this work was to develop in vitro digestion models for. Phenolic compound an overview sciencedirect topics. Promising plant species with high antioxidant activity and maximum content of phenols have been found. Flavonoids and phenolics acids are the most important groups of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds in plants and good sources of natural. Phenolic compounds in many plants are polymerized into larger molecules such. The chukrasia tabularis can be regarded as promising plant species for natural plant. Plant phenolic compounds are ubiquitous secondary metabolites and include molecules with a phenolic ring, that is, a benzyl ring with at least one hydroxyl group. External stimuli such as microbial infections, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical stressors induce their synthesis.
Phenolic compounds are commonly found in both edible. In organic chemistry a class of chemical compounds which consist of a hydroxyl group oh directly bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group phenolic compounds are the substances containing benzoic molecules with one or several hydroxylic groups and their derivatives. Biosynthesis pathways leading to formation of main groups of phenolic compounds according to 29, changed. They are mostly present in various types of foods of plant origin. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity. Phenolic compounds, including stresslinked phytochemicals, have been related to favorable. Pdf plant phenolics and polyphenols are secondary natural metabolites arising biogenetically from either the shikimatephenylpropanoid pathway. In vitro digestion models for dietary phenolic compounds. Chemistry and antioxidant activity of plants containing. For centuries, plants and plantderived products have. Phenolics in human health international journal of chemical. However, the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds depends largely on the chemi.
The objective of the study was to study the antioxidants and cytotoxic activities of phenolic extracts of some plants against breast cancer and normal cell lines. Plant phenolic compounds, also denoted polyphenols, are defined as compounds possessing one or more aromatic rings bearing hydroxyl substituents, and which are derived from the secondary metabolism of plants parr and bolwell 2000. Hplc profiles of standard phenolic compounds present in. Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in plants, and when plant foods are consumed, these phytochemicals contribute to the intake of natural antioxidants in the human diets. To our knowledge, no published study has comprehensively investigated and optimised the aqueous. Phenolic compounds are the substances containing benzoic molecules with one or several hydroxylic groups and their derivatives. They have therefore proven to be suitable traits for the study of the phylogenetic relations between higher plants.
The quinones are another group of phenolic compounds. Quantitative hplc analysis of phenolic acids, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in four different solvent extracts of two wild edible leaves. Phenolic compounds and plant phenolic extracts as natural. These hplc fingerprints of standard phenolic compounds could be used as benchmarks for comparison during the qualitative and quantitative analysis of unknown compounds present in any plant sample. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe nonketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed flavanoids. Difficulties extracting highquality rna from recalcitrant plant tissues are often due to high levels of phenolics, carbohydrates, or other compounds that bind andor coprecipitate with rna. Phenolic compounds are wellknown phytochemicals found in all plants. We describe here a method using soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone pvp and ethanol precipitation, which has been successful in several recalcitrant systems where other specialized rna extraction methods. Total phenolic assay international journal of pharmacy.
The chemistry and antioxidant activity of plants containing some phenolic compounds is overviewed and it was found that plants are perfect sources for providing safe drugs for health promotion. In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols refers to phenol functional group that is found in natural products. More than 4000 polyphenols flavonoids, monophenols and poly phenols are found in vascular plants. Review phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Many phenolic compounds were discovered and used long before chemists were able to determine their structures. The plant phenolic compounds 8,000 phenolic structures known account for 40% of organic carbon circulating in the biosphere evolution of vascular plants. Pdf techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Occurrence of phenolic compounds the phenolic compounds which occur commonly in food material may be classified into three groups, namely, simple phenols and phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. A study on the stability of structurally different phenolic compounds in buffers in the ph range 311 revealed that caffeic, chlorogenic, and gallic acid were not stable to high ph. The total content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants has been determined in medicinal plants 66 species from 31 families.
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